Grid-connected Photovoltaics in Sweden : Investigation of the Current Situation and a Case Study

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This work deals with with the investigation of grid-connected PV in Sweden. In two different parts, both the current status and a case study are regarded. The prevailing conditions and legislation for PV in Sweden are examined and compared to the European market. Different support measures are explained and exemplified by the development in Germany. A newly introduced incentive for the promotion of PV in Sweden is evaluated. 90% of Swedish electricity is produced by hydropower and nuclear power plants. The proportion of PV energy is with 3.6 MWp (2003) installed capacity negligibly small. In contrast to the developments on the European market, maily off-grid systems are in operation in Sweden. Besides the moderate radiation level traditionally low energy prices and the lack of long-term supportive mechanisms hamper the dissemination of grid-connected PV. Unlike in 16 other European countries no feed-in tariffs are applied. Electricity certificates which will be traded till 2020 in Sweden have proved to be an unsuitable measure for PV. A new law introduced in May 2005 aims at supporting PV on public buildings by giving the owner a 70% investment subsidy as a tax credit. An amount of 100 million SEK (11 million €) will be provided for this incentive till 31.12.2007. This measure seems to be unsuitable due to its short-term character, the restricted target group, uncertainties about future savings and the lack of monitoring facilities. In a case study the detailed steps of a project planning under Swedish conditions are performed. The required components for an 18 kWp PV installation on an existing ridged roof building are dimensioned. The solar generator consists of 84 modules which are connected in an array concept to 3 inverters. A simple mounting structure is suggested. The expected output is determined by th...