Equality Take-home Exam

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(i) Equality of Opportunity: holding the access to all social positions, being open to all, in terms of merit and not through birth or social background.
(ii) Equality of Outset: holding that equality of opportunity makes sense only if people start out from similar positions.
(iii) Equality of Outcome: holding that all should enjoy the same standard living and life chances, some thinking that complete equality of outcome can never occur.

(iv) In relation to meritocracy, sexism is not included in social achievement and is classified as gender disadvantage and is a process of discrimination and inequality that are sexist discourse. For instance, a woman applying for a longtime job could be denied the job if at the same tim a man applies for it, as the woman has got the chance of getting pregnant and temporarly taking stand from the job.

(v) Like sexism, racism is also built around discrimination and inequality, differing with ‘race’ disadvantages, regards to gender. Ethnic groups are thoroughly disadvantaged in some social institutions. Some employees might not employ a person because of his background or skin color, either of pure dislike or of the thought of these people being worse than others or being an inappropriate worker for some reason.

2.)
(a) Eugenics: racism, discrimination, white supremacy, having more power than others, social inequality.
(b) Underserving Poor: The violant, cruel, lazy, ignorant and dependent individuals who refuse to work.
(c) Heredity: inheritance, the passing on of family feature such as the color of hair or eyes from one generation to the next, resulting in similarities between members of one family or strain.
(d) Functional Importance: Attaching high rewards to improtant positions making it possible to ensure that people with the required skills and abilities will be motivated to take them on and to perform them effectively.
(e) Absolute Poverty: When standards of living is fixed and has an static baseline.
(f) Relative Poverty: Where a person’s life is relative to the standard of living that is customary to the society they live in, where living standards are changing because of historical or cultural causes.
(g) Poverty Line: Is the line in the distribution of resources that divides deprived underprivilaged from the rest of the population.

4.)
The functionalist theory of inequality tends to assume a high level of agreement in societies, and it assumes that people are motivated purely by rational economic considerations. It is not at all clear that it is possible to distinguish important from unimportant occupations in any clear-cut way.
6.)

(i) Underclass is the term described for the undeserving poor which has been a growth of poverty. According to political commentators the underclass are the victims of poverty for their own rejection. Their arguments touch the main aspects of these people’s lack of intelligence and their cultural outlook rather than opportunity and advantage.
(ii) It could be useful in the way that further research could be accomplished and forwarded, only if political commentators wouldn’t have distrupted, so that sociologists could broaden and take a deeper look to the underclass, as the underclass is strictly labeled as victims of poverty of their own deprivation.
(iii) It relates to the idea of a culture of poverty as both are depandant of the welfare and that in underclass, they are cirticized of their lack of interlligence, ethnicity or their cultural background. In a culture of poverty, the area that these people live in encourages fatalism and acceptance to their situation.

7.)

During the beginning of the 1900s, the development of IQ tests were relied on and seemed to be giving promising results and that material inequalities and social inequalities could be studied with mathematical precision. However, the tests seemed to be culturally based towards Western culture and towards white, middle-class men. This proved that the tests did not necessarily reflect any differences in intelligence. The results of the test would only test the way of life of that certain group. And it’s reflection is towards education, social class and ethnicity. The fact that many blacks have got highter IQs than the average white could be related to a low lever of association between IQ and social disadvantage. These racial teories relate social inequalities directly to natural inequalities. The successful and failures in this case are actually their naturally given abilities.

8.)

(a) Standard Diet: Rowntree’s diagram of the food needed for men, women and children – divided in breakfast, dinner and supper. The diet was based closely on the diet of the prisoners.
(b) Real Wages: Money wages are often converted to real wages that reflects the purchasing power.
(c) Wealth Line: Is the point towards the top of the distribution at which privilege begins. The wealth line divides the rich from everybody else.
(d) Income: is the flow of resources that a person or household receives in a particular period, in currency (e.g. $) they receive each week, month or year.
(e) Assets: Comprise the total stock of economic resources that a person or household has been able to accumulate.
(f) Life Chances: the opportunities of a person that they have to acquire income, education, housing, health and other valued resources.
(g) Occupational Mobility: Moving from one occupation to another, the ability or willingness of workers to move to different geographic locations for work.
(h) Primary Poverty: to be having salary, under circumstances of the salary not being enough; usually classified as ‘poor’.
(i) Secondary Poverty: to be having salary and enough money, but not budgeting it well.

12.)

Intergenerational mobility is when you move from a ‘not-so-good’ status (e.g. care taker) to a greater, perhaps much better status (e.g. doctor). Intragenerational mobility is the comparison of your first job, where you were standing then with the job you’re doing now and standing today.

13.)
(a) Nonmanual work: Work that is not done by hand or handwritten, usually done today by electronical devices, such as computers.
(b) Prestige: The kin...