Engelsk gramatik
uppladdat: 2018-09-11
Hej alla här kommer ett arbete som jag gjort för att jag skulle förstå den engelska grammatiken bättre. Jag har delat upp arbetet i de olika ordklasserna. Hoppas att den blir till hjälp för er också. Jag hoppas att det går att läsa och hoppas att ni gillar arbetet, kommentera gärna era synpunkter!
Part of speech
Nouns
a) Names of different objects ex. table
b) Names of persons and places ex. Eve, Barcelona or Sweden
c) Name of materials, concrete or something describing a condition or emotion. Ex. water, paper, happiness, fear
d) Name of species or special events ex. human, summer break.
We can usually divide nouns into two different groups.
- Concrete nouns, ex. a desk
- Abstract nouns, ex love
If you can say one, two or some before the word it is probably a noun.
Plural noun in the regular form
a) One boy Two boys
b) One bush Two bushes
c) One family Two families
d) One potato Two potatoes
Irregular noun in plural form
a) Nouns ending with -f or -fe changes to -ves when you use plural form.
One wolf Two wolves
One wife Two wives
b) Sometimes there is a vowel change.
One man Two men
One foot Two feet
One woman Two women
c) Sometimes there is no change at all.
One sheep Two sheep
One fish Two fish
Uncountable nouns
When we can’t say a or an in front of a word it is uncountable instead we say “a something of” ex.
- A piece of news
- A bottle of water
- A grain of rice
We usually treat uncountable nouns in the singular form, ex.
- This news is very important.
You can often choose if you want to use a countable or an uncountable noun, ex.
Countable Uncountable
Song Music
Bottle Water
Job Work
Possessive nouns
When we want to show that something belongs to someone or something we use the possessive form. We must separate the animarte things (living things) and the inanimate things (nonliving things).
a) When we want to show that some animate thing owns something in singular form we usually add an apostrophe + s (...’s). When there is a plural noun we usually add an apostrophe (...’) ex.
Reg. Irr.
One boy’s ball One child’s ball
Two boys’ ball Two children’s ball
Notice! There is only a change when there is a regular noun in plural form.
b) When we want to show that something belongs to an inanimate thing we use something that is called “The of construction”.
- The roof of the house.
Exceptions!
When we are talking about time and distance we treat them as an animate thing.
- Yesterday I had eight hours’ sleep.
- In today’s newspaper I read about....
When we want to use names in the possessive form we usually write like this:
- Gabriel’s
But when the name ends with S we skip the extra S after the apostrophe
- Charles’
Articles
The articles a, an and the are sometimes confusing because we don’t know where we are supposed to use them. Articles are always in the beginning of a noun phrase. We divide them into indefinite and definite articles.
a) The indefinite articles is a/an and we use this form when we talk about something in general but ONLY with nouns which are countable and in singular (look on page 2), ex.
- a song
- a bottle
- a job
If we try the same with an uncountable noun it doesn’t work.
- a music
- a water
- a work
b) The definite article is the and we use it when we are talking about something in particular with all nouns ex.
Countable Uncountable
the song the music
the bottle the water
the job the work
Here are some more examples and remember that the indefinite form (a/an) is when we talk about something in general more in general and the definite form (the) is when we want to be specific.
a/an the
I want to buy a bottle of water. I’m thirsty, where is the bottle of water?
I had an omelette for breakfast. Oh, that omelette smells so good!
A or AN
When you are using the indefinite form you have to know when to use each of them. You shall use an when there is a vowel sound of the first letter and a when there is a consonant sound. So it is not just the first letter that counts but the sound of the first letter, ex.
Spelling Sound
an hour an our
a university a you-ni-ver-si-ty
Adjectives
An adjective describes a noun.
a) Describing a noun, ex.
- A orange bus.
- A large castle
b) How to compare an adjective
When we use the adjective we can use three different forms.
- Adjectives with one syllable (-er and -est)
Positive Comparative Superlative
cold colder coldest
warm warmer warmest
full fuller fullest
- Adjectives with two syllables ending with -y, -ow, -le and -er
Positive Comparative Superlative
-y happy happier happiest
-ow narrow narrower narrowest
-le simple simpler simplest
-er clever cleverer cleverest
Spelling changes
Positive Comparative Superlative
happy happier happiest change -y to -i
shy shyer shyest here is -y not changed to -i
simple simpler simplest leave out the silent -e
big bigger biggest double the consonant after short vowel
sad sadder saddest double the consonant after short vowel
- Adjectives with three or more syllables put “more” and “(the) most” in front of the word.
Positive Comparative Superlative
expensive more expensive the most expensive
- Irregular adjectives have no pattern whatsoever
Uncountable nouns
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
much more most
Countable nouns
Positive Comparative Superlative
many more most
little less least
little smaller smallest
Adverb or Adjective?
Adjectives describes in what way something is done, ex.
- She sings wonderfully
An adverb is normally constructed through an adjective + ly, ex.
- Wonderful = Adjective
- Wonderfully = Adverb
Adverbs can describe a:
a) Verb - She sings wonderfully
b) Adjective - She has an extremely nice car
c) Adverb - She sings tremendously wonderfully
Spelling changes
When an adverb ends with -y you have to put -ie before the -y, ex.
- easy easily
When an adverb ends with -le after a consonant you have to change it to -ly, ex.
- horrible horribly
Exceptions!
After the verbs “feel, look, smell and taste” you need to have an adjective, ex.
- His shirt smells terrible
Some words have the exact same form in both adjective and adverb, ex.
- Ge gets up early, eats fast and works very hard
Sometimes you can choose you want to use the word in adjective or adverb, ex.
Adverb Adjective
He was usually late John was late as usual
Come as soon as you possibly can Come as soon as possible
Pronouns
Pronoun is instead of a noun.
Personal and reflexive pronouns
Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns
Subjective form Objective form
I me myself
you you yourself
he, she, it him, her, it himself, herself, itself
we us ourselves
you you yourselves
they them themselves
When the pronoun is the object or is after a preposition we use the objective form of the personal pronoun, ex.
- Give him the paper
- He has no money on him
When we use a reflexive pronoun we use it to refers back to the subject in a sentence or when we want to emphasise something, ex.
- He enjoyed himself
- He himself did it
Possessive pronouns
We use the possessive pronoun when we want to show that someone or a group owns something.
Dependent Independent
my mine
your yours
his, her, its his, hers, -
our ours
your yours
their theirs
The difference between a dependent and an independent pronoun is that the dependent pronoun need a noun to work which is not the case with the independent, ex.
- This is my bike
- This is mine
Relative pronouns
Subject Object Possessive
who who(m) whose
which which whose
that that -
We use relative pronouns:
After a noun, when we want to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about, ex.
- The house that Jack built
To tell us more about a person or a thing, ex.
- My mother, who was born overseas has always been a great traveller
a) Who is the subject form when we talk about people, ex.
- There are many people who believe in God
b) Whom is the object form when we talk about people (more formal), ex.
- This is the player whom, Tottenham set their hope
c) Whose is used when we want to show that someone or something owns something (possessive).
- This is the woman, whose husband was found dead in the bathroom.
d) Which is used for things, ex.
- She said she had missed the bus which was quite correct.
e) That is used for things and people in defining relative clauses.
- This is the movie that caused such sensation
Some more examples:
- The person who/that phoned me last night is my teacher.
- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.
- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.
- The person that I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The student whose phone just rang should stand up.
- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
- The car which/that I drive is old.
- The car that I drive is old.
- The car I drive is old.
- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.
- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis, exploded
Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns is only used in questions.
Who is the subject form when we ask about people, ex.
- Who is she?
Whom is the object form when we ask about people (In normal, spoken English we rarely use “whom”. Most native speakers would use “who” instead), ex.
- To whom did you give that flower?
What is used when we asks about things (when you use “what” there should be no limits of options), ex.
- What colour is your car?
Which can be used when we ask about people or things (when you use “which” there have to be a limit to the options), ex.
- Which of the books do you like?
Whose is used only when we ask about a person, ex.
- Whose car is it?
Motsvarigheter till Svenskans “det”
I svenskan brukar vi säga “det är” eller “det var” och i engelskan säger vi “there is/are” och “there was/were”, ex.
- Det är kallt ute
- It is cold outside
Om du istället för “det är” kan använda “det finns”, “det ligger” eller “det står” ska det i engelskan vara “there is/are”, ex.
- Det är en bok på bänken
- Det ligger en bok på bänken
- There is a book on the desk.
1. Steg ett är att se om det går att ändra “det är” till ex. “det finns”.
Är svaret nej så ska det oftast vara “it”
2. Är svaret ja så är steg två att avgöra om det är i singular eller plural.
3. Steg tre är att avgöra vilket tempus som det är.
Exempel:
1. Det är många barn i skolan
Det “finns” många barn i skolan
2. Plural
3. Nutid
Resultatet är då: There are many children in school
TO BE
Present Past
I am/do was/did
you are/do were/did
he, she, it is/does was/did
we are/do were/did
you are/do were/did
they are/do were/did
Some or any?
The words we can use are:
Some + Any -
some any
somebody anybody
someone anyone
something anything
The word “some” is used in affirmative (positive) sentences and in questions when you expect “yes” as an answer, ex.
- I have some friends
- Would you like some coffee?
The word “any is used in negative sentences and in questions, ex.
- I do not have any friends
- Do you have any friends?
Verbs
Verbs can describe an action (run) or a state of being (be).
When we work with verbs we need to conjugate it to the right tense so it fits the time we are talking about, this applies both to main verbs and helping verbs.
Regular verbs
Infinitive Past simple Past participle
work worked worked
play played played
Irregular verbs
Infinitive Past simple Past participle
catch caught caught
put put put
go went gone
be was been
have had had
BE HAVE
Present Past Present Past
I am was have had
you are were have had
he, she, it is was has had
we are were have had
you are were have had
they are were have had
--- = Subject
--- = Object
--- = Main verb
--- = Helping verb
The present tense
The progressive tense is telling you what is going on right now or what usually happens, ex.
- Peter plays the guitar
- Peter can play the guitar
- Peter usually play the guitar on fridays
When we use the form third person singular (he, she, it) we add a -s, ex.
- He plays the guitar
When we use the form third person singular (he, she, it) and the verb ends with a -ch sound we add -es instead, ex.
- He catches the ball
Spelling changes!
When a verb ends with -o we add -es, ex.
- go - goes, do - does
When a verb ends with a consonant + -y it changes to -i and we add -es as usual, ex.
- marry - marries, try - tries
The progressive / continuous form
The progressive form is also called the -ing form, ex.
- Be + ing = something ongoing
The progressive form is constructed by a form of “be” and a main verb, ex.
- I am writing a letter
The helping verb “be” changes depending on time and person but the main verb has always the same form.
The past tense
The past simple expresses an action in the past. It may take place once, never or a several times.
When you use regular verbs you just add -ed to the verb, ex.
- He visited his parents every weekend
When the verb ends with a consonant + y it changes -i, ex.
- hurry - hurried, carry - carried
When the verb ends with -e just add -d and skip the extra -e, ex.
- love - loved
- admit - admitted, travel - travelled, beg - begged
Preposition
Pre = before, position = place
Prepositions usually comes before another word, usually a noun and sometimes a verb. When we use a verb it always in the “ing-form” ex.
- I am interested in reading
- She went out looking for me
Prepositions is used to signal where something is, ex.
- The apple is under the pear
- The apple is beside the pear
- The apple is over the pear
Prepositions can also be used to signal the time, ex.
- I fell asleep at 3 o’clock
- I want to get married in the future
- I see you on monday
- I usually eat breakfast in the morning
- I want to go out and run on sunday morning
Some common prepositions are:
- about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at
- before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, but, by
- concerning, considering, despite, during, except, excepting, excluding
- following, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over
- regarding, round, since, than, through, to, toward, towards
- under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without
Word order
Subject
Verb
- “Normal word order” Subject - Verb, ex.
- Last night we watched TV
- “Question word order” Verb - Subject, ex.
- Did you watch TV yesterday?
- “Reversed word order” Verb - Subject, ex.
- Here comes my dog running
- Now comes the best part of the movie
Word building
Affixes are small words that we can put at the beginning (prefix) or at the end of words (suffix) which can change the meaning of the word or change the word to another part of speech.
Some common prefixes are:
Name Meaning Examples
anti against anti-social
auto self auto-biography
bi two bi-cycle
co with co-operate
contra against contra-dict
de remove de-hydrate
dis not dis-approve
il not il-legal
im not im-mature
inter between inter-national
mis badly/wrongly mis-understood
multi many multi-national
non opposite non-profit
out more than out-perform
over too much over-work
post after post-pone
pre before pre-dict
re again re-use, re-write
sub under sub-marine
super higher/improved &nb...
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Progress gold B - Eva Hedencrona, Karin Smed-Gerdin & Peter Watcyn-Jones -- English Grammar Check - Håkan Plith -- Advanced Grammar Check - Håkan Plith -- https://www.engvid.com/ -- https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/ -- Egna anteckningar
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Gabriel van der Eerden [2018-09-11] Engelsk gramatikMimers Brunn [Online]. https://mimersbrunn.se/article?id=60381 [2024-05-03]