Still in year 2005 more than 2.6 billion people in the world lack access to
improved sanitation. In Mongolia the number of people with access to
improved sanitation is 42.6% in the cities and not more than 4.8% for the
rural population.
NGO's and UN-organizations are making efforts to improve the sanitation
situation and this year WHO-Mongolia is conducting a demonstration project
aiming at upgrading the Simple pit latrines in Soum schools and Soum
hospitals that often are in very bad condition. The problems constitute of
risky holes, slippery floors, upbuild of frozen sludge and filthy latrine
compartments.
This thesis aims at finding and proposing an appropriate sanitation facility
for implementation in the WHO-project. That includes defining the criteria
that should be fulfilled, as well as discussing advantages and weaknesses
with existing designs and technologies.
Several sanitation options were considered and discussed during the work,
first in the literature study and then during the trip to Mongolia that
included field studies and meetings with officials. The solutions that were
of interest were the Ventilated Improved Pit latrine, EcoSan-toilets and a
Large Pit latrine that has been used in the Swedish mountain region.
The sanitation option that was found most suitable for implementation in
Mongolian Soum hospitals and schools is the so called "Swedish Pit latrine",
based on the pit latrine that can be found at tourist camps in Swedish
mountain regions.
Its most salient feature is the advanced ventilation, allowing up to 70%
liquid reduction by evaporation that results in a very
dry end product. The "sous terrain" design enables emptying of dried excreta
by a door placed in side of the excreta chamber that is above ground.
It is important that the amount of liquid added to the pit is kept to a
minimum in order to avoid sludge build up. Thus it must be assured that grey
water is discharged of elsewhere, for example in an infiltration system.
The infiltration system that is proposed in this thesis consists of a septic
tank and perforated pipes by which the grey water can infiltrate the soil.
The other proposed latrine alternatives are:
? The Solar Panel latrine, which is a more advanced version of the
Swedish pit latrine and is suitable for hospitals as well as schools.
? The Mobile Pit latrin...
